Polycystic Ovary Syndome (PCOS): Know the signs, take action!
What is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder that affects how the ovaries function. In this condition, the ovaries produce higher-than-normal levels of androgens (male hormones), which disrupt the normal balance of reproductive hormones. This imbalance can lead to irregular menstrual cycles, missed periods, or unpredictable ovulation.
On ultrasound, some women with PCOS may have multiple small fluid-filled sacs (follicles) containing immature eggs due to reduced or absent ovulation. Despite its name, not all women with PCOS will have ovarian cysts, and when present, these cysts are usually harmless and not painful.
PCOS is also one of the leading causes of infertility in women, as it interferes with ovulation. Beyond fertility, it may increase the risk of other health problems, including metabolic and cardiovascular conditions. Treatment is typically tailored to the individual, focusing on symptom management, regulating menstrual cycles, and supporting women who wish to conceive.
What Causes PCOS?
The exact cause of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is still not fully understood, but research shows that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in its development.
Because PCOS often runs in families, genetics has been a major focus of ongoing studies. Recent findings suggest that there may be around 19 genetic variations that increase the likelihood of developing PCOS. These variations may also explain why symptoms and severity can differ widely from one individual to another.
Signs and Symptoms of PCOS:
Diagnosis of PCOS
- Irregular or absent ovulation (oligo- or anovulation).
- Clinical or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism.
- Polycystic ovaries seen on ultrasound.
Concerns About Fertility
Treatment Options for PCOS
Treatments for infertility due to PCOS include lifestyle changes, medicines, or surgery to stimulate regular ovulation. In vitro fertilization (IVF) may be used.
Lifestyle Modifications:
Medical Treatments:
Emotional Support Matters
PCOS affects more than just physical health. Support groups, counselling, and open conversations can make a big difference.
For women who do not respond to initial treatments, options include:
PCOS Has Long-Term Health Risks
Women with PCOS are at increased risk of:
Type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes.
Hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
Endometrial hyperplasia and cancer (due to unopposed oestrogen exposure).
Psychological impact, including anxiety, depression, and reduced quality of life.
Final Thoughts
PCOS is a complex but manageable condition. Early recognition, a multidisciplinary approach, and personalized care can significantly improve both short-term and long-term health outcomes. Importantly, women should be reassured that fertility is achievable with appropriate support and treatment.
Source:
- World Health Organization (WHO): Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. WHO Health Topics
- PubMed: Teede HJ, Misso ML, Costello MF, et al. “International evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome 2018.” Hum Reprod 2018;33(9):1602–1618.
- https://www.nih.gov/. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/factsheets/pcosl
